The potential of electrostimulation in supporting axonal regeneration in the therapy of peripheral nerve paresis

Abstract

Starting point: Peripheral nerve paresis is a consequence of axonal damage, which leads to muscle weakness, atrophy and functional disability. Nerve regeneration is a slow process influenced by age, location and type of lesion. The aim of this review article is to analyse the current possibilities of using electrical stimulation in the therapy of peripheral nerve paresis with a focus on its potential to influence axonal regeneration.

Methodology: The article is based on a narrative search of the professional literature (PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science) from 2000–2025. Experimental studies on animal models, clinical studies and review papers evaluating the effect of various types of electrical stimulation on peripheral nerve regeneration were included.

Discussion: Current electrical stimulation is mainly important in preventing muscle atrophy and maintaining muscle contractility, not in directly supporting axonal regeneration. In contrast, invasive electrostimulation applied perioperatively directly to the nerve activates intracellular signalling pathways, increases the expression of neurotrophic factors, and accelerates axonal regeneration. Electroacupuncture, as a miniinvasive method, combines neuromodulator effects with the possibility of outpatient application; studies, primarily in animal models, confirm its effect on Schwann cell proliferation, inhibition of apoptosis, and promotion of neuroplasticity.

Conclusion: Invasive electrostimulation and electroacupuncture appear to be the most promising approaches for targeted influence on peripheral nerve regeneration. Further research should be directed towards optimizing stimulation parameters and verifying long-term clinical outcomes, especially in the context of routine practice.